“Intent determines moral responsibility. Organization determines operational effectiveness. Confusing the two has become one of the defining risks of disaster response in the age of artificial intelligence.”… The emergency operations center in Sendai had prepared for earthquakes, typhoons, floods, and even cyberattacks. What it had never rehearsed was a disaster in which millions of willing helpers arrived before the professionals could organize them. The offshore earthquake struck shortly after dawn. Although the tsunami warning was ultimately limited to several coastal districts, social media transformed uncertainty into urgency. Livestreams, AI-generated summaries, and multilingual emergency translations spread across the world within minutes. By noon, thousands of volunteers had already boarded trains and buses carrying bottled water, blankets, portable batteries, and medical supplies. From a distance, it looked like humanity at...