But survival did not have to depend on waiting for evolution to choose the winners.… By the end of the century, people stopped asking whether Earth would become warmer. They knew it would. The more difficult question was what would happen to the human body. Dr. Ren Takahashi worked at the International Institute for Human Adaptation, a research center built outside Sapporo. His specialty was thermophysiology—the study of how organisms maintain a stable internal temperature while the environment changes. His students often summarized his lectures with a single sentence: “Humans can adapt to heat.” Ren always corrected them. “No. Humans can acclimatize to heat. Evolution is something else.” He explained the distinction carefully. When a person moved from a cool climate to a hot one, the body could change within days or weeks. Sweating could begin earlier. Plasma volume could increase. The cardiovascular system could become more efficient at moving blood tow...